英语语法整理 - 英语时态与词法。 英语的轮廓。
学完课程后,个人整理。
水平有限,欢迎在评论区纠正。
1. 一般现在时
(Present Simple Tense)
[陈述]
概念
- 陈述一件事情,一直发生的事情,客观事实。
格式
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Subject + Verb. + Object (Verb 要根据 Subject的人称变化 +s...)
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he/she/it +s
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Verbs ending in o, s, ch, sh, x add -es
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Time markers
(通常强调频率)
- always, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, never, every day etc.
2. 一般过去时
(The Past Simple Tense)
[发生过的动作]
概念
- 谈论过去某一时间发生过的动作。
(还可以用来谈论某人对某物的感受。)
格式
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规则变化 +ed
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辅音结尾变y为i+ed
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元音+辅音,双写+ed
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一些不规则变化
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人称变化 was -> were
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助动词 -> did/ did not
Time markers
(强调动作发生的时间,习惯性)
- yesterday, last night, (not) a long time ago, two years ago etc.
3. 一般将来时
[预测]
概念
- 一般谈论对将来的预测,看法,信念。
格式
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Subject + will / 'll + do
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一些正式场合表达 I 和 we 把will换成shall
(很少这样表达了)
Time markers
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期待某事发生的时间 tomorrow, next month, in a day etc.
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表达对预测的确定度 perhaps, probably, definitely, certainly etc.
- 跟在will后面,但在won't之前
4. 现在进行时
[进行]
概念
- 表达正在发生的事情,或最近发生的事情。还可以用来表示将来。
格式
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be动词+ [not] + Ving
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动词变化
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以e结尾动词去e+ing
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以ie结尾去ie+ing
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元音+辅音 双写+ing
-
-
Time markers
- now, right now, at the moment, today, this week etc.
5. 过去进行时
[过去进行与对比]
概念
-
描述过去一件或几件事情正在发生,通常和一件过去的突发事件形成对比。
- [I was working on my computer and my brother was reading a book]1
[when we heard a loud bang on the door]2
1 – background situation, 2 – sudden event
- [I was working on my computer and my brother was reading a book]1
格式
- 过去形式的be动词 + Ving
表达
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我们可以用when或while配合过去进行时,表示在那段时间。
- While they were waiting for the train, it started to rain. James broke his finger when he was playing basketball.
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一些不能持续的动词不能用在任何进行时,这种情况用一般过去式。
- love, hate, know, want etc.
Time markers
-
强调动作发生的时间或状态
- at 7 o’clock, for two hours, in January, last week, all night etc.
6. 将来进行时
概念
-
讲述将来某个时间正在做的事情,或拿将来正在做的事情和现在正在做的事情做对比。
-
还用来确切表示某个时间会发生某事。
格式
- will/won't be Ving
Time markers
- at 5 o’clock, at that time tomorrow, this evening, in five years’ time etc.
7. 现在完成时
概念
-
表明一件过去已经发生的事情和现在有联系
- Sam has lost his keys. (=He is looking for his keys and he still hasn’t found them.)
格式
- Subject + have + 过去分词
表达
-
表达我们迄今为止的生活经历
- I’ve been to Spain and Portugal. I really want to go to the UK. I haven’t been there yet.
-
过去发生的事情现在有了结果
- Lilly has broken her foot. Her foot is still in a cast.
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从过去开始一直持续到现在
- I’ve lived here for twenty years. And I am still living here now.
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到目前为止完成了多少
- Peter has read 50 pages of this book so far. There are 150 pages left.
Time markers
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当我们谈论或询问自己人生经历时,我们使用nerver 或 ever。
- we use ever and never when we ask or talk about our experiences in life.
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我们在肯定句中使用 already 来描述以前发生过的动作。我们在疑问句和否定句中使用 yet 来描述以前没有发生过的动作。
- I haven’t finished this book yet, and my sister has already begun reading another one.
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用 just 描述最近发生的事情 。
- My mom has just come home from work.
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频率用词 always, often 也可以用在现在完成时。
- He has always loved Ann
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我们用 for 来描述一个时间段的长度。我们用 since 来描述时间段的起始点。
- Chris has worked here for 5 months. He has worked here since May 5th.
8. 过去完成时
概念
-
表示一件过去发生的事情发生在另一件过去的事的前面。我们用过去完成时表示较早的时间。
- When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn’t there. He had gone home. (=Tom went home at 10.00, I arrived at 11.00.)
格式
- Subject + had + 过去分词
表达
-
可以作为现在完成时的过去式
-
常用于思考类的动词
think, know, be sure, realize, remember, suspect, understand etc.-
Sue was sure she hadn’t locked the door.
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When I got home I realized I’d left my computer at Starbucks.
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如果我们使用 before 或 after 来明确时间句,就没有必要使用过去完成时,尽管许多人这样做是为了表示两个事件之间的紧密联系。
- Pam left her house before her parents arrived. OR Pam had left her house before her parents arrived.
9. 将来完成时
概念
-
从将来的一个时间点,回看还没有发生,但是会发生的时间。
- By next week I’ll have written 20 pages for my new book.
格式
- Subject + will + have + 过去分词
表达
-
用 by + time expression 表达这个时间点
- Won’t they have invited us by Friday?
James will have finished his thesis by this time next week.
- Won’t they have invited us by Friday?
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可以用 when、as soon as、before 或 by the time 来表示事件发生的先后顺序。在这种情况下,应在带 when、by the time 等的部分使用现在进行时。
- Will you have dressed up when I pick you up?
By the time you read this I will have left the city.
- Will you have dressed up when I pick you up?
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未来完成时只用于在 未来某一特定时间 内完成的动作。如果没有提到 最后期限,就用未来完成时代替。
10. 现在完成进行时
概念
- 一个动作或状态从过去一直延续到现在,通常强调动作的持续性。
格式
-
Subject + have/has + been + 过去分词
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用非持续动词不能用现在完成进行时。应该使用现在完成时。
Time markers
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强调动作的持续时间,表明动作是暂时的或重复的。
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аll dау, аll morпing, for dауs, for аgеs, lаtelу, reсeпtlу, sinсe, for etc.
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My brother has been playing tennis since he was seven. I haven’t been feeling well recently.
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How long have you been learning English? – I’ve been learning it for 5 years.
11. 过去完成进行时
概念
- 过去某个时间点之前正在进行的动作或状态。
格式
- Subject + had + been + 过去分词
表示
Time markers
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all dау, аll morпing, for dауs, for аgеs etc.
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或表明某件事在其他事发生之前已经发生了一段时间。
-
Samantha went to the doctor last Monday. She hadn't been feeling well [for some time].
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My sister had been playing with her friends outside [for an hour] when it started to rain heavily.
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12. 将来完成进行时
概念
-
将来某个时间点之前正在进行的动作或状态,从将来的时间点,回顾该动作的持续时间。
- When Peter turns 40, he will have been painting for 35 years.
格式
- Subject + will + have + been + 现在分词
表达
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by + 时间的表达方式与将来完成时连用,以表示情况在过去、现在或将来的某个时候已经开始,并预计在将来会继续下去。
- By 2025 he’ll have been living in London for 10 years.
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用 when、as soon as、before 或 by the time 来表示事件发生的先后顺序。在带 when、by the time 等的部分使用现在进行时。
- When I complete my studies, I’ll have been learning English for 17 years.
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非持续性动词不能用在将来完成进行时,应该用一般将来时。
词法
1. 动词连接词
(Verb. conjugation)
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概念
- 动词按照人称连接
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格式
- Subject Verb.
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Markers
2. 主谓一致
(Subject-Verb agreement)
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概念
- 指主语和动词在人称与数量上的变化
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格式
-
- 主语单复数,动词也要对应单复数形式。
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- 主语句子是由两个及以上的名词用and连接,那么动词用复数形式。(括号内的信息与as well as 不算)
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- 主语句子由两个及以上的名词用or或nor连接,那么动词用单数形式。
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- 当主语中出现多个单数或复数用or连接的代词,动词就近原则,根据最近的代词单复数决定。
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- 以There be开头的 (主语倒置),be动词用单数或复数取决于后面的名词的单复数。
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6.a lot, some, all 动词单复数取决于of后面的名词的单复数。
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- 当名词是 钱的总数,一段时间,距离 这样看作一个整体的名词,动词也用单数。
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- 集合名词(家庭、小组、团队、委员会、班级),动词也用单数。
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- each、each one、either、neither、everyone、 everybody、anybody、 anybody、nobody、 somebody、someone 和 no one 都是单数词,需要使用单数动词。
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3. 现在分词
(The present Participle -ing)
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概念
-
通常我们使用现在分词用于各种进行时。
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不仅用于进行时
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在Movement和Position动词之后 (常go后面)
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She went shopping.
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They came running towards me.
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在动词 + 宾语 + 现在分词 的感知动词后,表示被感知的动作。
- We saw him mowing the lawn.
Liz heard someone singing.
- We saw him mowing the lawn.
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在运动、动作或位置动词之后,表示同时发生的动作。
- He sat looking at the pedestrians.
July walks, reading her newspaper.
- He sat looking at the pedestrians.
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作为形容词
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Have you heard of that amazing movie?
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The family was trapped inside the burning barn.
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解释原因或理由,代替以 as,since,because开头的短语。
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Feeling hungry, I made myself a sandwich. (=I made myself a sandwich because I was hungry.)
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Knowing that his roommate was coming, James cleaned the living room. (=James cleaned the living room as he knew that his roommate was coming.)
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格式
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Be动词 + ing
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以e结尾去e+ing
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以元音+辅音结尾,双写+ing
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ie结尾变换ie为y +ing
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4. 动名词
(The Gerund -ing)
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概念
- 把动词转为名词使用。
(动名词有和名词一样的功能,尽管看起来是动词。)
- 把动词转为名词使用。
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格式
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以e结尾去e+ing
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单音节动词,以一个元音和一个辅音结尾,双写辅音并加上 -ing。
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以ie结尾去ie为y加ing
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功能
-
在句子中作主语
- Smoking causes lung cancer.
Flying makes him anxious.
- Smoking causes lung cancer.
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作为动词的补语
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One of her duties was writing weekly reports.
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The hardest thing about learning Russian is memorizing the verbs of movement.
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用于
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在介词后或作为某些表达的一部分
(there's no point in, in spite of 等)。- Can your brother count to ten without looking at his fingers? There’s no point in going back to his place now.
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在短语动词之后。它们由动词 + 介词/副词组成。
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I ended up buying a new computer.
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Rachel gave up drinking sugar drinks.
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5. 过去分词
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概念
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- 过去分词指动词的形式,用于构成完成时态和被动时态(有时也用作形容词)。
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格式
-
规则变化加(e)d。
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不规则变化按照实际情况来。
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作用
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用在完成时
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用在被动语态
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在名词前作为形容词
- Mike has broken his arm. → He has a broken arm now.
Someone has stolen Ann’s purse. → Her purse was stolen.
- Mike has broken his arm. → He has a broken arm now.
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